THE LAST WORD
By Pat Coughlan
The European conquest of Africa was driven by a mix of motivations. Known as the ‘Scramble for Africa’, European powers like Britain, France, and Belgium divided the continent, neglecting indigenous societies. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 was pivotal, marking Africa’s division without regard for existing cultures. Economic interests topped the list, driven by the industrial revolution’s demand for raw materials. Africa was perceived as a ‘treasure trove’.
Political influence and national prestige were also motivation factors. As British historian and writer David Olusoga noted “Africa was sliced up… like a cake” in this imperialistic frenzy. This era left lasting impacts on both continents.
But what is the legacy of the European conquest of Africa? In my view it significantly moulded Europe’s economy, with resource extraction like gold, diamonds, and rubber energising industrial growth. But I am not alone in that view. “Britain and France led the world economically, fuelled by Africa’s wealth,” says Elizabeth Schmidt in her her 2020 book Colonialism In Africa. This wealth not only enhanced European economies but also financed infrastructure and technology development. Exploiting Africa’s labour force provided cheap labour that boosted European industries. Today, Europe contends with the ethical dimensions of its colonial legacy, a complex blend of economic gain and injustice, shaping its enduring economic stature.
When I travel around Europe, I see the cultural influences the European conquest of Africa ignited bringing with it profound cultural exchanges. African art, with its vibrant colours and bold forms, captivated European artists and influenced movements like Cubism and Fauvism. As Picasso remarked: “It was when I came into contact with African art that everything changed.”
Moreover, African rhythms and instruments permeated European music, laying groundwork for jazz and blues. This dynamic interaction enriched European art and music, fostering appreciation for African cultures. African philosophies also introduced fresh perspectives on community and spirituality, reshaping European societies and creating a more interconnected world.
But there were political repercussions. The European conquest of Africa reshaped the continent’s politics and international relations. Nations navigated alliances and rivalries, leading to aggressive foreign policies, prioritising military and colonial administration. As Aime Cesaire, former President of the Regional Council of Martinique, noted: Colonisation dehumanises even the most civilised man.”
Domestically, Europe adopted governance models from African colonies, sparking debates over colonial ethics. This legacy continues to impact modern political systems. The relationship between Europe and Africa remains critical for understanding contemporary political dynamics and the historical effects of imperialism.
The European conquest of Africa caused profound social and demographic transformations. One significant change was new migration patterns, leading to established African diaspora communities in Europe, now integral to its multicultural society. “Europe’s multicultural reality encompasses the contributions of its minority groups,” as noted by historian Ali Mazrui. These communities enrich cultural diversity, influencing cuisine, music, fashion, and art, though not without sparking discussions about identity and integration. The demographic shifts push Europe to address race and equality, underscoring the lasting impact of its colonial history.
Africa’s colonial legacy spurs debates about reparations, accountability, and racial equality in Europe. Calls for reparations are increasing, with some arguing Europe owes a debt for past exploitation. As Ta-Nehisi Coates, the US author and journalist, says: “The payment of reparations would represent America’s maturation out of the childhood myth of its innocence into a wisdom worthy of its founders.”
Historical accountability is also key, prompting European countries to return artifacts and acknowledge past atrocities. The quest for racial equality confronts systemic inequalities rooted in colonialism. Addressing these issues is crucial for a more inclusive society, as Europe grapples with its colonial past.
Europe must confront its colonial legacy in Africa for reconciliation and progress. As Nelson Mandela once said: “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” Acknowledging historical injustices and integrating Africa’s history into European education can dismantle stereotypes and foster mutual respect. Collaboration with African nations should aim for equality and sustainable development, promoting a balanced global dynamic.
Europe’s future relationship with Africa depends on confronting uncomfortable truths and embracing change, creating a just and harmonious world by learning from the past and building a better future.
